Physiology of Sport and Exercise
Now
your students can further develop their understanding of the body’s ability to
perform physical work, adapt to stressful situations, and improve its
physiological capacities.
In 1994 and again in 1999, respected scholars Jack Wilmore and David Costill
published the first and second editions of Physiology of Sport and Exercise,
presenting a solid foundation of basic exercise physiology and redefining the
discipline’s standard for textbooks. Now, with Physiology of Sport and
Exercise, Third Edition, the renowned authors offer an improved version of
their comprehensive text that frames the latest and most significant research
findings in a reader-friendly format and makes it easier—and more exciting—than
ever for students to learn and for teachers to teach.
The sweeping revision preserves all the most popular attributes of the previous
editions, including teachable, well-organized chapters; student-friendly
writing; more than 300 color graphs and illustrations explaining key concepts;
and the latest research findings. Designed to better meet the needs of
undergraduate students, the exciting third edition continues to make learning
easy and enjoyable with inviting chapter openers, overviews and outlines at the
start of each chapter, detailed figures and captions, key terms, study
questions, references, selected readings, and an updated glossary and index.
And, like the second edition, Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Third
Edition, features ancillaries that include an updated and improved
presentation package, test package, instructor guide, and online study guide.
This edition includes more new and updated information than ever. There’s a
section in the historical chapter on the emergence of molecular biology, new
information on clinical research and researchers in the field, and an updated
discussion of longitudinal versus cross-sectional research and the basics of how
to accurately read scientific graphs. Plus, Physiology of Sport and Exercise,
Third Edition, has these features:
The most current information on muscle fiber type categorization
Coverage of late-breaking studies of the neural component of strength gains and the molecular changes that are responsible for these gains
New research on muscle soreness and its causes
More instructive material to illustrate the measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during exercise, including the Haldane transformation
Expanded material on estimating anaerobic effort using the Wingate test, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and other newer techniques
New evidence of the causes of fatigue at the contractile muscle and central nervous system levels
Additional VO2max information—just published from the Heritage Family Study of 724 untrained subjects who completed an identical training program for 20 weeks and showed increases in VO2max from 0 to 53%
Updated information on thermal regulation by hydration before exercise
New research on exercise in microgravity (space) environments
More firsthand research on the demands of training, from Costill’s Human Performance Lab at Ball State University
Expanded material on chronic fatigue syndrome, overreaching, and overtraining principles
Recent research on tapering
More details on assessing body composition using the newest methods and technologies
Up-to-date diagnostic techniques for medial clearances for an exercise program
Updated statistical information from the American Heart Association on the leading causes of death in the United States and updated information on obesity rate, risks of obesity, and prevention through physical activity
All-new information on diabetes based on the most recent research and trends
This text also includes some improved features to encourage learning. New
research is highlighted in breakout boxes to bring attention to important trends
and directions, improved conversion tables focus on SI units, and an expanded
glossary makes it easier for students to look up and cross-reference terms.
The authors have also updated the supporting materials, making them more
effective and more engaging for students and teachers. The ready-to-use and
easy-to-modify presentation package includes all graphics and content photos,
eliminating any need to scan your own. It also includes text slides with key
points. The timesaving, easier-to-use test bank and instructor guide package is
packed with resources and teaching aids and can be downloaded via the Internet.
And the online study guide includes interactive questions and activities and
other resources to help students grasp key concepts, test their knowledge, and
prepare for tests.
About the Authors
Jack Wilmore, PhD, recently retired, was a distinguished professor and
head of the department of health and kinesiology at Texas A&M University, a
professor and department chair at the University
of Texas
at Austin, and director of the Exercise and Sports Sciences Laboratory at the
University of Arizona from 1976 to 1985.
Dr. Wilmore has written extensively about exercise physiology; his works include
more than 350 chapters and peer-reviewed articles, 14 books, and more than 100
lay publications. He has been a member of the editorial board of several
journals, including Sports Medicine, Pediatric Exercise Science, Journal of
Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, Journal of Athletic Training, International
Journal of Obesity, and Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
A former president of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), Dr.
Wilmore has chaired many ACSM organizational committees. He has served as a
consultant for several professional teams, including the Los Angeles Dodgers,
Los Angeles Rams, Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Kings, California Angels, and
San Francisco
49ers. He is a member of the American Physiological Society and the ACSM. He is
a fellow and former president of the American Academy of
Kinesiology and Physical Education.
Dr. Wilmore earned his PhD in physical education from the University of Oregon
in 1966. He and his wife, Dottie, live in Tucson, Arizona, and have
three daughters (Wendy, Kristi and Melissa), two granddaughters, and three
grandsons. His favorite leisure activities are Bible study, running, playing
with grandkids, and reading.
David Costill, PhD, is the emeritus John and Janice Fisher chair in
exercise science at Ball
State University in Muncie, Indiana. He established the Ball State University
Human Performance Laboratory in 1966 and served as its director for 32 years.
Dr. Costill has written and coauthored more than 400 publications over the
course of his career, including books, peer-reviewed journals, and lay
publications. He served as the editor in chief of the International Journal of
Sports Medicine for 12 years. Between 1971 and 1998, he averaged 25 U.S. and
international lecture trips each year. He was president of the ACSM from 1976 to
1977, a member of its board of trustees for 12 years, and a recipient of ACSM
Citation and Honor Awards. Many of his former students are now leaders in the
field of exercise physiology.
Dr. Costill received his PhD in physical education and physiology from The Ohio
State University in 1965. He and his wife, Judy, have two daughters, Jill and
Holly. In his leisure time, Dr. Costill is a private pilot, experimental
airplane builder, competitive masters swimmer, and runner.
Table of
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Credits
An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology
Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology
Historical Events
Acute Physiological Responses to Exercise
Chronic Physiological Adaptations to Training
Research: Foundation of Understanding
Part I: Essentials of Movement
Chapter 1. Muscles and How They Move
Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle and Exercise
Chapter 2. Neurological Control of Movement
An Overview of the Nervous System
Structure and Function of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory-Motor Integration
Motor Response
Chapter 3. Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training
Terminology
Resistance Training and Gains in Muscular Fitness
Mechanisms of Gains in Muscle Strength
Muscle Soreness
Designing Resistance Training Programs
Resistance Training for Special Populations
Part II: Energy for Movement
Chapter 4. Metabolism, Energy, and the Basic Energy Systems
Energy Sources
Bioenergetics: The Basic Energy Systems
Measuring Energy Use During Exercise
Energy Expenditure at Rest and During Exercise
Fatigue and Its Causes
Chapter 5. Hormonal Regulation of Exercise
The Nature of Hormones
The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
The Endocrine and Hormonal Response to Exercise
Hormonal Effects on Metabolism and Energy
Hormonal Effects on Fluid and Electrolyte Balance During Exercise
Chapter 6. Metabolic Adaptations to Training
Adaptations to Aerobic Training
Training the Aerobic System
Adaptations to Anaerobic Training
Part III: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function and Performance
Chapter 7. Cardiovascular Control During Exercise
Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Response to Exercise
Chapter 8. Respiratory Regulation During Exercise
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Diffusion
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Gas Exchange at the Muscles
Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation
Ventilation and Energy Metabolism
Respiratory Limitations to Performance
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Chapter 9. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Adaptations to Training
Endurance: Muscular and Cardiorespiratory
Evaluating Cardiorespiratory Endurance Capacity
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Training
Respiratory Adaptations to Training
Metabolic Adaptations to Training
Long-Term Improvement in Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Factors Affecting the Response to Aerobic Training
Cardiorespiratory Endurance and Performance
Part IV: Environmental Influences on Performance
Chapter 10. Exercise in Hot and Cold Environments: Thermoregulation
Mechanisms of Body Temperature Regulation
Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Heat
Health Risks During Exercise in the Heat
Acclimatization to Exercise in the Heat
Exercise in the Cold
Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Cold
Health Risks During Exercise in the Cold
Acclimatization to Exercise in the Cold
Chapter 11. Exercise in Hypobaric, Hyperbaric, and Microgravity Environments
Hypobaric Environments: Exercising at Altitude
Hyperbaric Environments: Exercising Underwater
Microgravity Environments: Exercising in Space
Part V: Optimizing Performance in Sport
Chapter 12. Training for Sport
Optimizing Training—A Model
Excessive Training
Overreaching
Overtraining
Tapering for Peak Performance
Detraining
Retraining
Chapter 13. Nutrition and Sport
The Six Nutrient Classes
Water and Electrolyte Balance
The Athlete’s Diet
Designing Sport Drinks
Chapter 14. Body Weight, Body Composition, and Sport
Body Build, Body Size, and Body Composition
Assessing Body Composition
Body Composition and Sport Performance
Weight Standards
Achieving Optimal Weight
Chapter 15. Ergogenic Aids and Sport
Researching Ergogenic Aids
Pharmacological Agents
Hormonal Agents
Physiological Agents
Nutritional Agents
Part VI: Age and Sex Considerations in Sport and Exercise
Chapter 16. Children and Adolescents in Sport and Exercise
Body Size and Composition: Growth and Development of Tissues
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise
Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training
Motor Ability and Sport Performance
Special Issues
Chapter 17. Aging in Sport and Exercise
Body Size and Composition
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise
Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training
Sport Performance
Special Issues
Chapter 18. Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise
Body Size and Composition
Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise
Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training
Sport Performance
Special Issues
Part VII: Physical Activity for Health and Fitness
Chapter 19. Prescription of Exercise for Health and Fitness
Medical Clearance
Exercise Prescription
Monitoring Exercise Intensity
Exercise Program
Exercise and Rehabilitation of People With Diseases
Chapter 20. Cardiovascular Disease and Physical Activity
Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
Understanding the Disease Process
Determining Individual Risk
Reducing Risk Through Physical Activity
Risk of Heart Attack and Death During Exercise
Chapter 21. Obesity, Diabetes, and Physical Activity
Obesity
Diabetes