Glossary

in the zone—Slang, state of being able to perform much better than normally expected.

incidence—The number of new cases of a disease during a given period of time in a defined population.

incomplete proteins—Foods that do not contain all the essential amino acids.

independent contractors—Individuals who conduct business independently on a contract basis and are not employees of an organization or business.

inferior—Anatomical term meaning situated below or nearer the soles of the feet in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of superior.

informed consent—Voluntary acknowledgment of the purpose, procedures and specific risks of an activity in which one intends to engage.

innervation—Nerve root extended from a particular vertebrae to attach to a given muscle or part of the body.

insertion—Attachment point of a muscle that is more distal or inferior; attachment point of a muscle onto the more moveable structure

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)—A form of diabetes caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, which leads to little or no insulin secretion; generally develops in childhood and requires regular insulin injections.

intense sweeteners—See low-calorie sweeteners.

intensity—The physiological stress on the body during exercise; indicates how hard the body should be working to achieve a training effect; workload; Example, percent 1RM or percent maximal heart rate.

internal rotation—Rotary motion toward the midline of the body; Example, internally rotating the hip to point the knees and toes inward.

International Food Information Council (IFIC)—A non-profit association supported by food, beverage, and agricultural companies to assist the media, educators, health professionals, and scientists effectively communicate science-based information on health, nutrition, and food safety.

interval training—Exercise performed in an intermittent manner using a pre-established spacing of work and rest intervals; By changing the duration of work and rest intervals, a specific energy transfer system can be emphasized and overloaded; see aerobic intervals, aerobic threshold intervals and anaerobic intervals.

inversion—Turning inward.

ischemia—Insufficient blood flow to some part of the body, resulting in decreased oxygen availability.

isokinetic—Refers to a type of contraction where the speed of movement is fixed and the resistance varies in accordance with the muscular force exerted; see accomodative resistance.

isometric—Working a muscle against an immovable object; tension is developed but no mechanical work is performed; contraction of a muscle in which shortening or lengthening is prevented; involves muscular force equal to, but not greater than the resistance.

isotonic—Refers to a type of muscle contraction performed while equal tension is maintained on the muscle, and the length of the muscle is decreased or lengthened.